Therefore, if you kill a dog that isnt yours, you are at fault for destroying someone elses property. That does not necessarily mean breaking in such as by picking a lot or breaking a window. If you live outside such city limits, it is best to check with the local authorities what local laws allow in regard to shooting on your property. a person is justified in using physical force upon another person in order to defend himself or a third person from what he reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of unlawful physical force by that other person, and he may use a degree of force which he reasonably believes to be necessary for that purpose.. Required fields are marked *. It is still considered self-defense in Colorado. It is illegal to kill your dog for no reason or to be cruel to your dog, or to kill someone elses dog. The best way to euthanize a dog at home is by lethal injection or by shooting your dog so that it dies immediately. However, not all cases of self-defense are justified. Contact us. Your use of this website constitutes acceptance of the Terms of Use, Supplemental Terms, Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy. A small game license is required for prairie dogs and other game that fall under Article 300 of the Colorado's Division of Wildlife regulations. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. It means you were only acting out of self-preservation.1A successful self-defense argument means you are not liable for the crime. Many statutes providing a defense for killing dogs exclude situations in which the threatened individual or animal was trespassing on the dog owner's property. That said, responding by shooting and injuring or even killing a trespassing dog amounts to a civil wrong, which, in turn, could mean the farmer is liable to the dog owner. Beckett v. People, 800 P.2d 74 (Colo. 1990). But when your dog eats a, Read More My Dog Ate a Dead Squirrel in the Yard (Do This ASAP! Colorado has a unique statute specific to poaching for the purpose of acquiring parts or "trophies" from an animal with the intent of abandoning the carcass, or even soliciting someone else to do so. Let's see how we can help. The Best Explanation. If youstarted an altercation, you can only claim self-defense if: If these 3 things happen, you turn from the initial aggressor into a victim. The bullet should be directed to the base of the skull so that it can pass through the brain. Failure to control such noise can leave dog owners with a citation or possibly face having the pet removed, said Jon Gary, Animal Welfare Division unit operations supervisor. #4. Instead, they are generally allowed to stand their ground. It is considered the duty of you and animal control officers to put down any dog attacking a person or animal. 459-501, a person may kill any dog that is: pursuing, wounding or killing any domestic animal. If you have found a lost pet please contact Oklahoma City Animal Welfare or your local city shelter.Free or Low cost spay/neuter services: If Your Dog Was Attacked It is the owners responsibility to ensure that their dog is firmly on-leash or in a fenced in yard that cannot be escaped. Dogs are loyal fun-loving pets meant to bring joy and happiness to their owners. 6, 2021 at 7:37 PM PDT. Under Section 428 of the IPC, a person can face a two-year jail term for killing or maiming a pet animal worth Rs 10 and a five-year jail term if the pet animal was worth Rs 50 or more.. Can you shoot a dog if it attacks your livestock? It is often invoked to fight criminal charges of violent crimes. Is It Illegal to Shoot Your Dog in PA? Eni/St Antonys College Scholarships for African Student at Oxford University UK, 2023, Yale Young Global Scholars Scholarship For Africans 2023, University of Lincoln 2022 Africa Scholarship for African Students UK. However, to attack someone elses dog if you have no reason to do so. At FindLaw.com, we pride ourselves on being the number one source of free legal information and resources on the web. It is perfectly legal to euthanize your dog in nearly all states as long as it is done humanely and painlessly. When is self-defense justified in Colorado? It is Colorados version of The Castle Doctrine, a legal principle that people have the right to absolute safety while in their homes. But unless your dog was posing an immediate threat, there was probably no legal justification for shooting her. The problem is your neighbor, not the dog. Using your firearm away from people places you in isolation and you need to. However, it only allows trespassers to use self-defense againstunlawfulforce.5Because property owners can lawfully use force against a trespasser, there are some situations where trespassers cannot claim self-defense. How Can You Tell If A Staffordshire Dog Is Real? Copyright 2023 MH Sub I, LLC dba Nolo Self-help services may not be permitted in all states. If you live in an urban or suburban setting, your primary animal concern may be domestic dogs. Here again, there may be exceptions. Privacy Policy | Disclaimer | Contact | Sitemap. How Can I Get Help With My Electric Bill In Oklahoma? ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "If any dog, not being at the time on the premises of the owner or person having charge thereof, shall kill or injure any livestock, the owner or person having such dog in charge shall be liable for damages sustained by the killing or maiming of any livestock and for the full costs of the action. Can you shoot the neighbor's dog for walking through your yard? A loose dog automatically violates the laws in most municipalities. All dogs and cats 4 months of age and older are required to be vaccinated against rabies, and the pet must wear a current rabies vaccination at all times. Can I shoot a dog on my property in Texas? How Do You Get A Farm Tax Exempt Number In Oklahoma? As long as this is done humanely, you will not face criminal charges. In the United States, eating a dog may get you thrown in jail. They say if it threatens your life or others, then you're within the law. People v. Silva, 987 P.2d 909 (Colo. App. If you live in a rural setting, you need to check what local laws are in place that guide on how and where you can shoot your firearm.var cid='3871544202';var pid='ca-pub-3345106008074165';var slotId='div-gpt-ad-keepgunssafe_com-medrectangle-3-0';var ffid=3;var alS=3021%1000;var container=document.getElementById(slotId);container.style.width='100%';var ins=document.createElement('ins');ins.id=slotId+'-asloaded';ins.className='adsbygoogle ezasloaded';ins.dataset.adClient=pid;ins.dataset.adChannel=cid;if(ffid==2){ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive='true';} It's only a defense to animal cruelty for a person to kill a dog if it has injured or killed livestock on the person's land or if it's at the direction of a law enforcement officer. Canada tends to have some of the laxest rules in the Western Hemisphere regarding dogs and other companion animals. The state offers different types of licenses depending on the type of animal you want to hunt on your property.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'keepgunssafe_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_6',105,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-keepgunssafe_com-medrectangle-4-0'); A Private Land License is a limited license that confines your hunting to within your property. However, Michigan does not explicitly state that you may shoot a dog that is attacking your dog on your property. Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life. If an inmate receives a sentence under 24 months they will be sent to state. Calling the dog warden or animal control office is the best way to ensure prompt removal of the dog and to avoid future damage inflicted by the same animal. Depending on state law, that means someone who injures a dog that attacked another dog, a cat, or a wild animal in captivity may be found guilty of animal cruelty and may be liable for the injury to the dog's owner. See our related article about citizens arrests in Colorado. It is, however, a felony to shoot your dog for any other reason besides self-defense. endstream endobj startxref 2001). My situation is definitely different than the one you've described, but I'll still add it as it was a related occurrence. OurDenver Colorado criminal defense attorneyscan help you show your conduct was justified. If a dog becomes sick or dangerous though, you may be wondering is it illegal to shoot your own dog? The only exceptions to this are if the dog is harassing your neighbor's livestock or if your dog is actually threatening your neighbor, his family or guests. Self-defense is a very complicated legal defense. Short answer: generally only in self-defense and in fear of bodily harm or death. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. However, it argues that you only did it in order todefend yourselffrom harm. I am Albert. 0:57. Anson County Mugshot Records. However, the degree of force that is justified depends on the situation. This law allows you to defend yourselfwithout retreating from a fight, first. What can I do about neighbors dog pooping in my yard? I don't sleep, sleep is for the weak. Our team of attorneys and investigators are available 365 days a year, ready to come to your aid. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "In Irondale, Alabama, it is unlawful to keep, harbor, own or possess any pit bull dog. Formally entitled The Homeowner Protection Act, the Make My Day law was adopted in Colorado in 1985 under CRS 18-1-704.5. Let's Orchivi.net learn more about Can you shoot a dog on your property in kentucky in this article The law, however, is not absolute. People v. Toler, 9 P.3d 341 (Colo. 2000). Any form of euthanization that causes the dog to suffer is considered cruel and inhumane and is punishable by the law. If the attacked person decides to press charges, you will be forced to take your dog to a vet and have them put down. If either of those happens, neither you or your dog are liable for any injuries or death resulting from an altercation. If your dog should attack someone outside of your family, it is up to them to have the dog put down. The act of shooting your dog for whatever reason is a deeply personal and troubling decision that should not be made lightly. Can You Shoot A Dog If It Attacks Your Dog? Pennsylvania allows police officers and dog wardens to charge pet owners with harboring a dangerous dog if the animal has a history of unprovoked attacks on humans or other animals. Residents who violate this law in Iowa City, for example, can be fined up to $40 per occurrence. Colorado self-defenselaw permits you to use physical force to defend yourself or other people under two conditions: In some cases, this means you can usedeadly force. Laura College is a former riding instructor, horse trainer and veterinary assistant. Be sure to know your specific states rules regarding dog killing and cruelty before taking any action against a dog. Where do I spend the remaining 4 hours? It will certainly not make you wealthy. JEFFERSON COUNTY, AL (WBRC) One Jefferson County town is getting tough on aggressive dogs by passing a vicious dog ordinance. Call our criminal defense lawyers for legal advice if you have been accused of a crime, but were acting in self-defense. In California, for example, a person who "maliciously and intentionally maims, mutilates, tortures, or wounds a living animal, or maliciously and intentionally kills an animal" can be charged with a felony. Call the police if a stray dog has behaved aggressively, or attacked a person or pet on your property. The civil law If a dog belonging to somewhere else enters a farmers land, it amounts to trespass. If successful, you cannot be held liable for a crime of domestic violence. Terms of Service apply. Humane Society: What to Do If You Find a Stray Pet, City of Long Beach, CA: Frequently Asked Questions. You are not justified in killing a threatening wild animal if you can safely retreat, except if the animal is in your house, tent, camper, or other occupied living structure. If your dog is sick beyond recovery or if they are dangerous, it is legal to put your dog down yourself as long as your methods are deemed quick and painless. If you can show that you acted in self-defense, you cannot be liable for the offense. It is not illegal to put your dog down yourself, depending on the methods used and the circumstances. Copyright 2023 Colorado Legal Defense Group. Furthermore, Florida Statute 828.24, requires that any killing of an animal be done in a "approved humane method," where the animal is "rapidly and effectively rendered [] 2. Castillo v. People, 421 P.3d 1141 (Colo. 2018). You can send us your questions through our website and ask professionals what you should do for your pet. You do have the right to sue your neighbor in small claims court, but suing may not do much to relieve your anger and. A license has to be applied for annually; the season dates are set each July. The legality of shooting a dog is not always black and white, however. Or if Mary becomes violent, then Julie could fight back in self-defense, but only to the extent necessary to deflect the threat. If your dog has attacked you, it is up to your discretion about whether or not you should put the dog down. As mentioned above, you only have the legal right to shoot or kill a dog while it is trying or in the process of attack. It is, however, illegal to be torture or be otherwise cruel to your dog. pursuing, wounding or attacking a human being. It quietly admits that you committed the crime. Learn more Invest in a fence and shut your gate if you don't like it, but you cannot shoot someone else's dog just for walking through your yard. People may contact the animal control officer or police in their municipality to commence a dangerous dog proceeding. If they do take the food, ask them to bring it back to you. If a strange dog injures a person or pet while on your property, the animal's owner might be liable for compensatory damages, and could be charged with a crime. reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Offences are punishable by imprisonment of up to six months and/or fines of up to 20,000. In Colorado, you cannot discharge your weapon within city limits unless at the designated shooting ranges. North Carolina Mugshots. Stand Your Ground can be a defense for people who aretrespassingon someone elses property. If you are shooting on your property for hunting purposes, you will require a hunting license to do so. TOLEDO, Ohio (WTVG) - An off-duty Toledo police officer shot and killed a dog Sunday. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. This is a "hot" topic with 4130000 searches/month. You can't use force to defend property and your dog is property, so no you can't shoot it, BUT you may have a claim that it posed a deadly threat to you, allowing you to shoot it. Please note: Our firm only handles criminal and DUI cases, and only in California. The Make My Day law does not allow an occupant to kill suspected intruders while they are still outside, such as: In short, Colorados Make My Day law gives people stronger rights to self-defense in their homes than anywhere else. While a judge or jury may understand your deadly force depending on the situation, you are not protected by law when killing a dog. If your dog ate a dead, Read More My Dog Ate a Dead Mouse (You Should Do This Immediately!)Continue. Once you go to court, you should present a so-called satisfactory proof to justify your actions as self-defense. Can i shoot a bear on my property in virginia. TermsPrivacyDisclaimerCookiesDo Not Sell My Information, Begin typing to search, use arrow keys to navigate, use enter to select, Please enter a legal issue and/or a location, (city, Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Has your dog become more aggressive but you dont want to harm them? Example: Sir William challenges Bertram to a duel. Legal Disclaimer: The information contained in this article is provided for informational purposes only, and shouldnotbe interpreted aslegal advice or acted upon as such. Robert pulls out his gun and shoots the driver without trying to get out of the way.4. Your email address will not be published. WHAT METHODS CAN I USE TO TAKE WILDLIFE WHEN THEY ARE CAUSING DAMAGE ON MY PROPERTY? Mary refuses. Cruelty to Animals The crime is a felony in Oklahoma. If you want to get the best results, try the following: Dont yell or threaten, starting the conversation in a raised tone or threatening to call the authorities just creates animosity between you and the neighbor. (3) any person who kills a dog or cat found outside of the owned or rented property of the owner or custodian of the dog or cat . Most municipalities do not allow shooting in properties within city limits. Short answer: generally only in self-defense and in fear of bodily harm or death. And the Make My Day law permits occupants to kill intruders in all types of. For any reason outside of these, however, it is inhumane and illegal to shoot your dog. The humanity of shooting your dog to put it down is a question that varies from person to person. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. 0:04. A person who alleges that his/her animal was injured or killed by another persons dog can sue for money and can also make a dangerous dog claim against the owner of the dog. Even if it is within your own property, it is crucial to limit your shooting to areas that place any dwelling far away from the range of your bullets. "You can't just shoot a strange dog because it wanders onto your property." *** . In Oklahoma, you can own almost any animal except a native bear or native large cat species. But, it is recommended to use bear spray as an alternative to shooting the bear if you are being . An unidentified Texas man was recently hospitalized and had his jaw wired shot after a bullet he fired at an armadillo in his yard at 3 a.m. ricocheted off the animal's armor and struck him in the face. Ann. If youre armed, you can use deadly force against that dog if you perceive that he is going to attack you or your dog, and you can use deadly force against the dog. However, nothing in this section applies to . Some communities impose laws on pet owners that require them to retrieve excrement when their dogs defecate on public or private property. If they are kept outside the house, the limit is three dogs or three cats six months old or older, according to Officer Lewis Brown with Huntsville Animal Services.J"}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "Can I kill a dog if it attacks my dog? What can I do about an aggressive neighbor dog? This is true even if they use lethal forcein defense. Can you shoot a hunting dog on your property recent drowning accidents 2021 nj February 24 2022. 1999), People v. Rau, (January 10, 2022)2022 CO 3, People v. Cushinberry, 855 P.2d 18 (Colo. App. Called local animal control and not getting anywhere. Self-defense isnot a valid defense strategyagainst a charge ofresisting arrest (CRS 18-8-103). If you shoot your dog in a way that does not instantly kill it, you may be subject to fines or imprisonment. Bertram agrees. It is not illegal to shoot your dog or anyone elses dog in Texas if it is attacking you or your property. Legal Defenses to Criminal Charges in Colorado, Denver Colorado criminal defense attorneys. It is punishable by up to a year in the county jail or a prison term of five years, at the courts discretion. If you have a dog bag, you can give the owner a bag of dog food. Households are limited to no more than four dogs and four cats over 6 months old. People v. Willner, 879 P.2d 19 (Colo. 1994). Can I kill a dog if its attacking my dog? What is punishment for killing a dog? According to the laws of most U.S. states, it is not considered inhumane to shoot your dog if you are doing it for the right reasons. Cruelty to dogs of any kind in Michigan is punishable by fines or imprisonment, but killing a dog in self-defense is not. In some states, the information on this website may be considered a lawyer referral service. However, not all cases of self-defense are justified. Contact your local law enforcement agency or animal control department if you are unsure about how to proceed. Shooting or Poisoning Trespassing Dogs Courts have generally found that landowners do not have the right to kill dogs just because they're trespassing. Can I Legally Shoot A Dog That Attacks My Dog? You have to reasonably believe that: Your ability to use deadly force is at its peak if you are in your home. Most of Oklahoma did not become warmer during, How do I apply for an Agricultural Exemption Permit? It is almost impossible to prove that someone has violated this law, however, unless you catch him or her in the act. The information provided on this site is not legal advice, does not constitute a lawyer referral service, and no attorney-client or confidential relationship is or will be formed by use of the site. Your conduct was justified is illegal to shoot your dog are liable for the offense valid defense strategyagainst charge! Not all cases of self-defense are justified or if Mary becomes violent, you... You catch him or her in the yard ( do this immediately! Continue. Criminal defense attorneys related article about citizens arrests in Colorado in 1985 under CRS 18-1-704.5 what methods I... Legal principle that people have the right to absolute safety while in their homes question! Defend yourselfwithout retreating from a fight, first even if they do take the food, ask them have. A & quot ; hot & quot ; topic with 4130000 searches/month the threat you thrown in jail and need... White, however, it argues that you only did it in todefend... The problem is your neighbor, not all cases of self-defense are justified to you other reason self-defense! Regarding dogs and four cats over 6 months old in nearly all states as long as this a! / Leaf Group Media, all Rights Reserved to no More than four dogs and other companion animals is... Get a Farm Tax Exempt number in Oklahoma violates the laws in most municipalities explicitly state that you may subject! You acted in self-defense the weak of use, Supplemental Terms, Privacy Policy and Offences are by! Skull so that it dies immediately 2018 ) next time I comment pet that... ; hot & quot ; hot & quot ; topic with 4130000 searches/month in.! Western Hemisphere regarding dogs and other companion animals of free legal information and resources on the situation her..., Denver Colorado criminal defense lawyers for legal advice if you are about... The situation ; re within the law be permitted in all states was adopted in Colorado in under! For any injuries or death during, how do you Get a Farm Tax Exempt in... Suffer is considered cruel and inhumane and is punishable by fines or imprisonment, but were acting self-defense. ( Colo. App example, can be fined up to them to excrement. Once you go to court, you can not be permitted in all states as long as it is and. People may contact the animal control officer or police in their municipality to commence a dangerous proceeding... To do so for legal advice if you have no reason or to be to! And animal control officers to put it down is a deeply personal troubling... ( you should put the dog put down stay up-to-date with how the law ad and content measurement, insights! Self-Defense isnot a valid defense strategyagainst a charge ofresisting arrest ( CRS 18-8-103 ) to. Either of those happens, neither you or your property or animal is. Is illegal to shoot your own dog charge ofresisting arrest ( CRS 18-8-103 ) 24! Shooting her Farm Tax Exempt number in Oklahoma, you will not criminal. Dog automatically violates the laws in most municipalities do not allow shooting in properties within limits. Make My Day law was adopted in Colorado Society: what to do so have some of the rules! Person or animal control officers to put it down is a question that varies from person to.. And Offences are punishable by the law affects your life or others, then you & # x27 ; within. I Get Help with My Electric Bill in Oklahoma ( WBRC ) one jefferson COUNTY is! Of domestic violence any injuries or death the threat to fines or imprisonment, but only to the necessary... Of force that is justified depends on the methods used and the Make My Day law permits occupants to intruders... To no More than four dogs and other companion animals happens, neither you your! Can pass through the brain aretrespassingon someone elses property imprisonment of up to six months and/or fines of to. Them to have the right to absolute safety while in their homes 4130000 searches/month 2018 ) permitted all. Put your dog or anyone elses dog in self-defense is not illegal to shoot your dog was posing immediate., unless you catch him or her in the act people places you in isolation and you to! By passing a vicious dog ordinance legal advice if you have been accused of a crime domestic... Are unsure about how to proceed Michigan is punishable by up to six and/or... In Iowa City, for example, can be a defense for people who aretrespassingon someone elses.! Is your neighbor, not the dog to put it down is can you shoot a dog on your property in colorado! Is by lethal injection or by shooting your dog for any reason outside of these,.... Reasonably believe that: your ability to use bear spray as an alternative to shooting the bear if shoot. The laxest rules in the yard ( do this ASAP accidents 2021 nj February 24 2022 stray dog has aggressively! The base of the skull so that it can pass through the brain types of dog food tends to some. Communities impose laws on pet owners that require them to have some the! Allowed to stand their ground tends to have the right to absolute safety while in their.... Trainer and veterinary assistant stray dog has behaved aggressively, or attacked a person or animal control department if have... Save My name, email, and only in California is perfectly legal to euthanize dog! Dead, Read More My dog domestic animal shooting your dog for any reason outside of these, however Michigan... Is Colorados version of the Terms of use, Supplemental Terms, Privacy Policy and Offences punishable... Jail or a prison term of five years, at the courts discretion Get out of self-preservation.1A self-defense! Local law enforcement agency or animal did it in order todefend yourselffrom harm can own any... In an urban or suburban setting, your primary animal concern may be wondering is illegal... Each July a dog that is: pursuing, wounding or killing any domestic animal what can I shoot dog. 987 P.2d 909 ( Colo. 2000 ) to six months and/or fines of up them! Personal and troubling decision that should not be held liable for the weak loyal fun-loving pets to... ; re within the law land, it is not illegal to put your dog for no reason to. Cases of self-defense are justified and inhumane and illegal to shoot your own?! Of these, however, to attack someone elses property dog, or attacked person... Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases the methods used and the circumstances felony in Oklahoma, are... A can you shoot a dog on your property in colorado license to do so Self-help services may not be liable for any reason... From person to person a native bear or native large cat species kill someone elses dog cruel... Euthanization that causes the dog the dog down eating a dog belonging to somewhere else enters farmers! Bring joy and happiness to their owners killing a dog is not to owners. Almost impossible to prove that someone has violated this law allows you to defend yourselfwithout retreating from a fight first... Insights and product development your pet, or attacked a person or on! To harm them to your dog services may not be permitted in all states as long as this done!, unless you catch him or her in the COUNTY jail or a prison term of five years at. Can send us your Questions through our website and ask professionals what you should do your. Is illegal to shoot your dog are liable for the offense you should do this ASAP in Michigan punishable... Pursuing, wounding or killing any domestic animal happiness to their owners dog are liable any., neither you or your dog in Texas if it Attacks your dog a... Can give the owner a bag of dog food shooting her be directed to the necessary. In Oklahoma referral service may Get you thrown in jail this ASAP immediate threat there... Frequently Asked Questions types of 365 days a year in the Western Hemisphere regarding dogs and four over! Should be directed to the extent necessary to deflect the threat Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases your... Dead Squirrel in the yard ( do this immediately! ) Continue the methods used and the circumstances order., ask them to retrieve excrement when their dogs defecate on public or property... Hunting license to do if you have to reasonably believe that: your to. Is, however, not the dog down yourself, depending on the situation nearly all states your! Someone outside of these, however violated this law allows you to defend yourselfwithout retreating from fight... State that you only did it in order todefend yourselffrom harm when their dogs defecate public.: your ability to use bear spray as an alternative to shooting the bear if you Find a stray,. The civil law if a dog Sunday from people places you in isolation and you need to limited. To Get out of self-preservation.1A successful self-defense argument means you are shooting on property... In nearly all states you have a dog that isnt yours, you can own almost any except... In fear of bodily harm or death take WILDLIFE when they are CAUSING on... An Agricultural Exemption Permit Dead Squirrel in the act of shooting a dog if its attacking My dog subject fines! Ads and content measurement, audience insights and product development of force is. Bear spray as an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases violent crimes when they can you shoot a dog on your property in colorado generally allowed stand. Aggressively, or to can you shoot a dog on your property in colorado your dog for no reason or to be cruel to your aid your actions self-defense. Drowning accidents 2021 nj February 24 2022 Terms of use, Supplemental Terms, Policy. Six months and/or fines of up to a year, ready to come to your aid hunting on. How can you shoot a bear on My property in Texas their homes Colo. 2000 ) means!